1. -ㄹ : [어말어미] a word ending suffix attached to the stem of a word ends a vowel or "-시” shows a politeness to other person.
1) [미래시제] -ㄹ makes a verb future tense with the meaning of conjecture, schedule, will, possibility, etc
【예(ex)】 드디어 떠날 시간이 되었다 : It's finally time to leave.
* 드디어 : finally; at last
* 떠나다 : leave
* 떠날 : future tense of 떠나다
* 시간 : time
* 이 : a suffix makes 시간 subjective after a word ends a consonant
* 되다 : become; reach
* 되었다 : passive form of 되다 or past tense of 되다
2) -ㄹ : a suffix indicating only conjecture or possibility without the concept of tenses.
【예(ex)】 발 딛고 들어설 틈도 없다 : There's no time to step in / There's no room to step in / There's no chance to step in
* 발 : (1) foot; paw (2) step; pace
* 딛다 : (1) step, take a step, tread, stamp on (2) overcome, get over (3) get to one’s hometwon
* -고 : a suffix means "and"
* 들어서다 : (1) [공간] enter, go in(to), walk in(to) (2) [건물] go up, be built (3) [시간] enter, reach, go into
* -ㄹ of 들어설 : a suffix means possibility
* 틈 : (1) [=벌어진 공간] crack (in/between), gap (between), break (in), chink (in), (rock) crevice (2) [=겨를•시간] (spare) time (3) [=기회] chance, opportunity
* 도 of 틈도 : also; as well as
* 없다 : be not; there is no
3) -ㄹ : a letter makes a word an atributive without the concept of tense . this is used In front of a word means "time "때·적·제·무렵"
【예(ex)】 해질 무렵 : At dusk; when the sun goes down
* 해 : [=태양] the sun; [=햇빛] sunlight; [=낮] day time
* 지다 : (1) the sun sets[goes down, sinks] (2) [= 패배하다] ose, be defeated, be beaten, suffer a defeat
* -ㄹ : a letter makes 지다 atrributive before 무렵
* 무렵 : [=때] time; [=즈음] about; around; toward(s); [=…할 즈음] about the time when ..
- 무렵에 : at the time / on the occasion / when / as
4) -ㄹ : a letter shows general facts without the concept of tense. but for the most part this makes a verb future tense. this is a short fom of -을
【예(ex)】 함께 일할 사람을 뽑다 : hire someone to work with
* 함께 : together (with), along with, (formal) in company with
* 일하다 : work
* -ㄹ : a letter makes 함께 일하다 general fact
* 사람 : human being; person
* 을 : a suffix makes 사람 objective
* 뽑다 : (1) [=선택하다) select, choose, single out; [=선출하다] elect; [=투표하다] vote for (2) [직원] recruit, hire (3) pull (out/off/away); pluck; draw (sword) ; root up, uproot
5) 속담/관용구(Proverb/Idiom]
(1) -ㄹ 나위 없다 : a phrase, attached to a verb ends a vowel, means "don’t have to; don’t need to do"
【예(ex)】 두말할 나위 없는 기정 사실 : an indescribable fact; it is fact without a doubt,
* 두 : two
* 말하다 : speak; say; talk
* 두말하다 :
* -ㄹ of 두말할 : a letter makes 두말하다 attributive before 나위
* 나위 : [=여지] room; a margin; [=필요] necessity; [=가치] (hardly) worth (doing)
* 없다 : be not
* 없는 : an attributive form of 없다
* 기정 : [=이미 정해진] already fixed
* 사실 : (1) fact; truth (2) actually, in fact, as a matter of fact, to be honest, to tell the truth
(2) -ㄹ 바에 = 어차피 그렇게 하기로 된 일이면 : a phrase indicates that the front sentence is the condition of the back sentence. this means "If that's what we're supposed to do"
* 어차피[於此彼] : anyhow; anyway; one way or the other; in any[either] case; after all; at all
* 그렇게 : like that
* 하다 : do
* -기로 of 하기로 : (1) 까닭·조건] as; because; since; on account of; owing to (2) [=아무리 …이다 하더라도] however; whatever; even if[though]
* 기로[岐路] ＝갈림길 : (1) [=갈린 길] a branch road; a side road; a forked road; the fork of a road (2) turning point; a crossroad(s)
* 되다 : become
* 된 : passive form of 되다
* 일 : (1) work (2) [=것] thing; stuff
* -이면 = -이라면 : if
【예(ex)】 이왕 떠날 바에 미련일랑 버려라 : If you're going to leave, throw away your lingering feelings.
* 이왕 : already
* 떠나다 : leave
* 떠날 : an attributive future tense of 떠나다
* 바 : (1) [=것] a thing; what (2) [=방법] a way; means; how (3) [=범위] extent (4) [=…하였는데] and (then)
* 에 : [원인] a suffix indicates the cause of action
* 미련[[未練] : lingering attachment; reluctance to give up; regret
* 미련 : stupidity; dullness, clumsiness; awkwardness
- 미련한 : stupid (as an owl); dull; thickheaded; weak-headed; soft-[dull-]witted; imbecile
- 미련하다 = 미련스럽다 : a verb form of 미련한
* -일랑 : a suffix makes a word subjective or objective
* 버리다 : abandon
* -려라 : an imperative verb ending suffix to the younger or friendly
2. -ㄹ : [조사] a postposition
1) -ㄹ : a short form of -를 or 을(a suffix makes a word objective
【예(ex)】 날 믿어라 : Trust me
* 나 : I; me (non-polite word to other person)
* -ㄹ : a suffix makes 나 objective
* 믿다 : trust; believe
* -어라 : an inperative verb ending suffix to the younger or friendly
2) a postposition, attached to the stem of a word ends a vowel, means "might be; may be"(the presumption of the matter). this is a short form of 일(a descriptive suffix)
【예(ex)】
(1) 그는 아마 학잘 것이다 : He is probably a scholar.
* 그 : he
* 는 : a suffix makes 그 subjective
* 아마 : probably
* 학잘 : 학자 + -ㄹ
* 학자 : a scholar
* -ㄹ : a postposition means the presumption of the matter.
* 것 : a thing; a stuff
* 이다 : be
* -ㄹ 것이다 : I think that someone is probably ~
(2) 이 산 너머가 바달 것이다 : Beyond this mountain will be the sea.
* 이 : this
* 산 : mountain
* 너머 : beyond
* 가 : a suffix makes 이 산 너무 subjective
* 바달 : 바다 + -ㄹ
* 바다 : sea
* -ㄹ : a postposition means the presumption of the matter.
* 것 : a thing; a stuff
* 이다 : be
* -ㄹ 것이다 : I think that someone is probably ~
3) 속담/관용구(Proverb/Idiom)
(1) -ㄹ 거다 : a short form of -ㄹ 것이다 and this means the conjecture or conclusion of a thing to the younger or friendly
【예(ex)】 그렇게 게으름 부리다가는 또 꼴찔 거다 : If you're so lazy, you'll be last again.
* 그렇게 : like that
* 게으른 : lazy
* 게으르다 : be lazy
* 게으름 : a noun form of 게으른 <— 게으른 + ㅁ(a letter makes an adjective a noun
* 부리다 : (1) manage; handle; use; keep; employ (2) work (a machine); operate (3) play (a trick); start (trouble) (4) unload; discharge
* 게으름 부리다 : be lazy
* -가는 : a suffix emphasizes the meaning of the word and means "if"
* 또 : also; again
* 꼴찔 : 꼴찌 + -ㄹ
* 꼴찌 : the last
- 그는 달리기에서 꼴찌를 했다 : He finished last in the race
* -ㄹ 거다 : I think that he might be ~
(2) -ㄹ 거야 : a short form of -ㄹ 것이야 and this means the possibility or conjecture of a thing to the younger or friendly
【예(ex)】 저렇게 놀다가는 또 낙젤 거야 : If he plays like that, he'll fail again
* 저렇게 : like that
* 놀다 : play
* -가는 : a suffix emphasizes the meaning of the word and means "if"
* 또 : also; again
* 낙젤 : 낙제 + -ㄹ
* 낙제[落第] failure (in an examination); rejection
* 낙제하다 : fail an examination
* -ㄹ 거야 : I think that he will ~ (this is used to the younger or friendly)
(3) -ㄹ 바에 : a short form of ´어차피 그렇게 된 일이면’ and this indicates that the foreword becomes the premise or condition of the backword
【예(ex)】 비워 둔 의잘 바에 좀 앉으면 어떠냐 : If it's an empty chair, why don't I sit down?
* 비우다 : empty; vacate; make empty
* 비워 : 비우다 + -어(a connection suffix between two verbs means "and then"
* 두다 : (1) put, set, place, position, (informal) park (2) leave behind (3) keep, leave, let
* 둔 : past tense of 두다
* 의자 : chair
* -ㄹ 바에 = 라면 : if
* 좀 : a little
* 앉다 : sit down
* -으면 : if
* 어떻다 : how
* 어떠냐 : 어떻다 + 냐(a questioning verb ending suffix)
* -으면 어떠냐 : why don’t I ~
(4) -ㄹ 바에야 : an intensive word of "-ㄹ 바에"
* 어차피[於此彼] : anyhow; anyway; one way or the other; in any[either] case; after all; at all
* 그렇게 : like that
* 하다 : do
* -기로 of 하기로 : (1) 까닭·조건] as; because; since; on account of; owing to (2) [=아무리 …이다 하더라도] however; whatever; even if[though]
* 기로[岐路] ＝갈림길 : (1) [=갈린 길] a branch road; a side road; a forked road; the fork of a road (2) turning point; a crossroad(s)
* 되다 : become
* 된 : passive form of 되다
* 일 : (1) work (2) [=것] thing; stuff
* -이면 = -이라면 : if
* -야 : a letter intensifys the meaning of “-ㄹ 바에"
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