2023-04-29

Let's learn about "제 성격이 원래 그래요"

제 성격이 원래 그래요 : That’s my personality: That’s me: I was born like that; That’s who I am

ex)

A. 네가 이렇게 지저분하게 하고 살 줄 몰랐다! : I can’t believe what a messy person you are!

B. 나 원래 그래. 그게 나야 : That’s me. That’s who I am

[other expressions]
- 내 성격이 원래 그렇다. (to younger people or friends)
- 내 성격이 원래 그렇네. (to younger people or friends)
- 제 성격이 원래 그래. (to younger people or friends)
- 제 성격이 원래 그렇네요. (honourific by '요')
- 제 성격이 원래 그래요. (honourific by '요')
- 제 성격이 원래 그렇습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스')

[explanations]
* 나 : I (non-honourific word)
* 저 : I (honourific word)
* -의 : a particle makes 나 / 저 possesive

* 내 : a short form of 나의(my)
* 제 : a short form of 저의(my)

* 성격 : [性格] [Pronunciation: 성껵] character; personality

* -이 : a particle makes 성격 the topic of the sentence after a word ends in a consonant

* 원래 : [元來·原來] [Pronunciation: 월래] (1) [=본디] originally; by origin; [=본질적으로] essentially; [=선천적으로] by nature; naturally; [=처음부터] from the first[beginning / outset / start]
- 원래(의) 목적을 이루다 : achieve[attain / accomplish] one's (original) purpose[object]
- 사람은 원래 이기적인 동물이다 : Man is selfish by nature
- 차(茶)는 원래 중국에서 왔다 : Tea originally came from China
- 아름다움이란 원래 주관적인 것이다 : "Beauty" is essentially[in itself] subjective
- 대개의 어린이들은 원래 곤충을 좋아한다 : Most children are by nature lovers of insects

* 그러하다 / 그리하다 / 그렇다 : [Pronunciation: 그럳타] be so; be such

* 그래 : 그렇(the stem of 그렇다; ㅎ erased before 아; 러 + -아 contracted into 래) + -아(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 그렇습니다 : 그렇(the stem of 그렇다) + 스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -아 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -아 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스/' / '-ㅂ'

Let's learn about "그녀는 입이 가벼워요"

그녀는 입이 가벼워요 : She’s a blabbermouth; She’s a tattler: She’s a tattletale; She has a big mouth: She can’t keep a secret

* 말이 많다 / 허풍이 심하다 : have a big mouth

그녀는 입이 무거워요 : She can keep secret

ex)

A. 난 걔가 비밀을 지킬 줄 알았어 : I thought I could trust her to keep a secret.

B. 무슨 소리야? 걔 입 가벼운 거 모르는 사람이 없는데 : What? Everyone knows she’s a blabbermouth

[other expressions]
- 그녀는 입이 가볍다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 입이 가볍네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 입이 가벼워. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 입이 가볍네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그녀는 입이 가벼워요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그녀는 입이 가볍습니다. (formal; more honourific by ‘스-’)

- 그녀는 입이 무겁다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 입이 무겁네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 입이 무거워. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 입이 무겁네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그녀는 입이 무거워요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그녀는 입이 무겁습니다. (formal; more honourific by ‘스-’)

[explanations]
* 그 : that
* 녀 / 여 : woman
* 그녀 : she
* -은 : a particle makes 그녀 subjective after  a word ends in a vowel

* 입 : mouth
* -이 : a particle makes 입 the topic of the sentence after  a word ends in a consonant

* 무거운 : heavy; weighty
* 무겁다 : be heavy; be weighty

* 입이 무겁다 : one's lips are sealed; be confidant; don't have a big mouth; be tight-lipped

[ㅂ 불규칙 규칙(V irregular rule)]

(1) the ㅂ of 무겁다 is not 'B' sound but 'V' sound and V consists of ㅂ + 옛이응  ‘ㆁ’. these days  V sound changed into '우' for easy pronunciation
- See : https://m.blog.naver.com/nurisejong/221050681781

(2) 무거운: an adjective form of 무겁다; this is from 무거 + ㅂ(V sound consists of ㅂ + 옛이응  ‘ㆁ’; this changed into '우') + ㄴ(a suffix makes a verb into an adjective)

(3) 무거워 : 무겁(the stem of 무겁다; ㅂ(V sound) changed into 우) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 무겁습니다 : 무겁(the stem of 무겁다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 가벼운 : light; not heavy; not weighty
* 가볍다 : be light; be not heavy; be not weighty

* 입이 가볍다 = 말이 많다 : have a big mouth
- 걔한테 말했어. 너 정말 입이 가볍구나! : Did you tell it to her. you have a big mouth!
- 우리 누나는 입이 가벼워 : My elder sister have a big mouth
- 난 입이 가벼운 사람 좋아하지 않아 : I don't like people who have a big mouth
- 나 입이 가벼운 사람 아니야! 뭐든 말해봐 : I don't have a big mouth. you can tell me anything

[ㅂ 불규칙 규칙(V irregular rule)]

(1) the ㅂ of 가볍다 is not 'B' sound but 'V' sound and V consists of ㅂ + 옛이응  ‘ㆁ’. these days  V sound changed into '우' for easy pronunciation
- See : https://m.blog.naver.com/nurisejong/221050681781

(2) 가벼운: an adjective form of 가볍다; this is from 가벼 + ㅂ(V sound consists of ㅂ + 옛이응  ‘ㆁ’; this changed into '우') + ㄴ(a suffix makes a verb into an adjective)

(3) 가벼워 : 가볍(the stem of 가볍다; ㅂ(V sound) changed into 우) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 가볍습니다 : 가볍(the stem of 가볍다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

* 걔 : he or she (non-honourific word means "그 아이”(that boy or girl) / "그 사람(that man or that woman is younger than us)

* 비밀을 지키다 : keep a secret

* -ㄹ 줄 알았다 / -를 줄 알았다 / -을 줄 알았다 : I thought that I could trust someone to do ~

* 무슨 소리야? = 무슨 말이야? : What do you mean? / What?

* 가벼운 거 : a short form of 가벼운 것을

* -를/-을/-ㄹ 모르는 사람이 없다 : Everyone knows that ~

* -는데 : A sentence-final ending used to admire something while anticipating the listener's response

Let's learn abour "성격을 나타내는 단어"

[성격을 나타내는 단어(words for personality)]

* 외향적인 : extrovert; out going

* 내성적인 : introvert; reserved

* 적극적인 : active

* 소극적인 : withdrawn

* 낙관적인 : optimistic

* 비관적인 : pessimistic

* 엄격한 : strict;  stern

* 관대한 : generous: lenient

* 개방적인 : open-minded

* 보수적인 : conservative

* 충동적인 : impulsive

* 인내심이 있는 / 참을 성이 있는 : tolerant

* 섬세한 : sensitive

* 덜렁대는 / 자유분방한: carefree

* 이기적인 : selfish

* 명랑한 / 쾌활한 : cheerful

* 우울한 / 감정기복이 심한 : moody

* 사교적인 : sociable; gregarious

* 수줍어하는 / 수줍음이 많은 / 내성적인 : shy

* 우유부단한 / 결정을 잘 못하는 : : wishy-washy

* 사려 깊은 / 생각이 깊은 : : considerate; thoughtful

* 거만한 : arrogant; obnoxious

2023-04-28

Let's learn about "당연"

* 당연 : [當然] the stem of 당연하다; this is often used instead of 당연한 / 당연하다

* 당연한 : rightful; proper; fair; reasonable; natural; justifiable; just
- 그가 땅의 소유권을 주장하는 것은 당연한 이치이다 : It stands to reason that he should claim the ownership of the land
- 그가 사과했다고 들었는데, 지극히 당연한 일이다 : I hear that he apologized, which was only right
- 그렇게 하는 것은 주부로서 아주 당연한 일이다 : It is quite natural[reasonable] for a wife to act that way
- 그녀가 그를 피하는 것에는 당연한 이유가 있다 : She shuns him with (good) reason. / She has (a) good reason for shunning him
- 그가 당연한 일인듯 나의 허락을 맡으러 왔다 : He came to ask my permission as a matter of course

* 당연하게 : an adverb form of 당연하다 by '-게"

* 당연하다 : be rightful; be proper; be fair; be reasonable; be natural; be justifiable; be just; [=놀랄 일이 아니다] be no wonder
* 당연했다 : past tense of 당연하다 by '-었-'

- 그가 그렇게 말했다면 미움을 받는 게 당연하다 : He deserves to be disliked for having said such a thing
- 그녀가 자식들의 성공을 자랑으로 여겼던 것은 당연하다 : She was justly proud of her children's success
- 당신이 그렇게 말하는 것도 당연하다 : You may well say so. / You are quite right in saying so
- 자네가 불평을 하는 것도 당연하다 : Your complaint is understandable[justifiable]
- 그가 화를 내는 것도 당연하다 : It is natural for him to get angry [that he should get angry]
- 너는 사직하는 것이 당연하다 : It is only proper that you should resign (from) your post
- 당신이 화를 내는 것은 당연하오 : It is natural that you should be angry. / You have good reason to be angry
- 외투도 입지 않고 추운 밖에 나갔으니 그가 감기 든 것은 당연하지 : It is not surprising that he has caught a cold since he was out in the cold without a coat on
- 빚을 갚아야 한다는 것은 당연하지 뭐냐 : It is only proper for you to pay your debt
- 그의 말은 아주 당연했다 What he said was most proper[reasonable]

* 당연하오 : 당연하다 + -오(([formal, moderately addressee-raising] A sentence-final ending used to describe, ask a question, give an order or a request)

* 당연하지 : 당연하다 + -지(A sentence-final ending used when the speaker confirms and says something that the listener thought he/she already knew)

* -하지 뭐야 : It is only proper for someone to do ~

Let's learn about "그 사람 성격 좋아요"

그 사람 성격 좋아요 : He’s got a great personality: He’s good-natured: He has a wonderful personality.

ex)

A. 걔가 그렇게 친구가 많은 것도 당연해 : It’s no surprise she has so many friends.

B. 성격이 너무 좋아 : She sure has a great personality

[other expressions]
- 그 사람 성격 좋다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그 사람 성격 좋네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그 사람 성격 좋아. (to younger people or friends)
- 그 사람 성격 좋네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 그 사람 성격 좋아요. (honourific by '-요')
- 그 사람 성격 좋습니다.. (formal; more honourific by '스')

[explanations]
* 그 : that
* 사람 : human being (non-honourific word)
* 붐 : human being (honourific word)
* 그 사람 / 그 분 : he or she
* -은 : a particle makes 그 사람 / 그 분 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 성격 : [性格] [Pronunciation: 성껵] character; personality

* -이 : a particle makes 성격 the topic of the sentence after a word ends in a consonant

* 좋은 : good; great
* 좋다 : [Pronunciation: 조타] be good; be great

* 좋습니다 : 좋(the stem of 좋다) + 스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -는다 / -네 / -아 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -아 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

2023-04-27

Let's learn about "내 성격 많이 죽었어요"

내 성격 많이 죽었어요 : I’ve grown soft; I’ve gone soft; I’m not as tough as I used to be; I’m turning into a softy.

ex)

A. 네가 그 사람을 그렇게 봐주다니 놀랐어 :  I’m surprised you let him get away with that.

B. 나도 내가 어떻게 된 건지 모르겠어. 성격 많이 죽었지 : I don’t know what’s happened to me. I’m turning into a softy

[other expressions]
- 내 성격 많이 죽었다. (to younger people or friends)
- 내 성격 많이 죽었네. (to younger people or friends)
- 내 성격 많이 죽었어. (to younger people or friends)
- 제 성격 많이 죽었네요. (honourific by '요')
- 제 성격 많이 죽었어요. (honourific by '요')
- 제 성격 많이 죽었습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스‘)

[explanations]
* 내 : I (non-honourific word)
* 제 : I (honourific word)
* -의 : a particle makes 내 / 제 possesive

* 성격 : [性格] [Pronunciation: 성껵] character; personality
* 이 : a particle makes 성격 the topic of the sentence after a word ends in a consonant

* 많이 : so much; so many

* 죽다 : ( (1) [=사망하다] die; pass away[on]; be gone; pop off (the hooks); [=목숨을 잃다] meet one's end[death]; lose one's life; kick one's bucket; be killed; perish; [=생을 마치다] close one's day[life]; end one's career; [=저승으로 가다] leave this world; go to the better world; join the majority; sleep the eternal[final] sleep; [=자살하다] kill oneself; commit suicide; take one's own life (2) [=기가 약해지다] get deflated[crestfallen / downcast / out of spirits]; have the blues; be depressed; be (down) in the dumps (3) [=초목이 죽다] wither; die; perish; be dead; [서리 등으로] be blasted (4) [=풀기가 약해지다] lost its starch; wilt (5) [=불이 꺼지다] die out; go out (6) [=동작이 멎다] run down; stop (7) [성격이 순해지다] get soft; turn into soft

* 죽었다 : past tense of 죽다 by '-었-'

* 죽었습니다 : 죽었(the stem of 죽었다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -아 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -아 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

* 봐주다 : a short form of 보아주다 <-- 보다(see; look) + -아(a connection suffix between two verbs) + 주다(give)

* 보아주다 : (1) [=도와 주다] give a helping hand ; deliver out of ; [=돌보아 주다] look[see] after; take care of (2) [=눈감아 주다] over look; wink at; turn a blind eye to
- 어린아이를 봐주다 : nurse a baby / baby-sit
- 내 아이의 산수를 좀 봐주십시오 : Please help my child with his arithmetic
- 내가 없는 동안 집의 아이를 봐주십시오 : Please look after[watch (over)] my little son in my absence.
- 부정 행위를 봐주다 : wink at[turn a blind eye to] dishonest acts
- 제발 이번만 봐주십시오 : Please let it pass[go] just this once
- 네 고집은 우리밖에 봐줄 사람이 없다 : Your willfulness will not be tolerated by anyone but us

* 봐주다니 : 봐주(the stem of 봐주다) + -다니

* -다니 : (1) A sentence-final ending used to ask again or admire an unexpected fact in surprise (2) An expression used to indicate that the speaker is surprised or impressed by the explanation or statement heard

* 놀라다 : surprise; frighten; astonish; ambush
* 놀랐다 : past tense of 놀라다 by '-았-'

* 어떻게 된 건지 모르겠다 : 어떻게 되다(come to an end; what happen to someone) + -ㄴ 건지 모르겠다(I don't know that ~)
* 된 : past tense of form of 되다 by '-ㄴ'; this is attributive form before a noun)
* 건지 : a short form of 것인지
* 것인지 : 것 + -이다 + -ㄴ지(whether ... or)
* 모르다 : don't know
* 모르겠다 : 모르(the stem of 모르다) + -겠(one's conjecture) + -다(a descriptive basic verb ending)

Let's learn abour "지기 싫어하는 성격"

그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격이에요 : She hates to lose ;She is known as a fierce competitor: She’s too competitive

* 맹렬한 / 격렬한 : fierce

ex)

A. 쟤 저런 모습 처음 봐. 아주 지기 싫어하는 성격이구나 : I’ve never seen her like this before. She’s so competitive

B. 맞아. 지는 건 죽어도 못 봐 : I know. She hates to lose

[other expressions]
- 그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격이다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격이네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격이야. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격이네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격이에요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그녀는 지기 싫어하는 성격입니다. (formal; honourific by ‘ㅂ’)

[explanations]
* 그 : that
* 녀 / 여 : wowan
* 그녀 : she
* -는 : a particle makes 그녀 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 지다 : lose
* 지기 : 지(the stem of 지다) + -기(a suffix makes a verb a noun)
* -를 : a particle makes 지기 objective after a word ends in a vowel; this omitted

* 싫다 : [Pronunciation: 실타] hate; dislike very strongly

* 싫은 : [Pronunciation: 실은] loath; loth;  offensive; repellent; lousy; unpalatable

* 싫어하다 : [Pronunciation: 실어하다] dislike; have a dislike to[for]; grudge ; be unwilling[reluctant] <-- 싫다 + -어(a connection suffix between two verbs) + 하다(do)

* 싫어하는 : reluctant

* 성격 : [性格] [Pronunciation: 성껵] character; personality

* 이다 : be

* 입니다 : 이(the stem of 이다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -(이)다 / -(이)네 / -(이)야 : a non-honourific descriptive form of 이다
* a verb + -(이)네 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -이에요 / -예요 / -입니다 : an honourific descriptive form of 이다 by ‘-요’ / ‘-ㅂ’

2023-04-26

Let's learn about "기쓰다"

* 기쓰다 : [氣쓰다] be hot[bent] ; be very eager[going all out] ; be mad[frantic] ; do with great zeal; vehemently[heatedly / excitedly] do ; make desperate[strenuous] efforts; do one's best; exert oneself to the utmost; strain; struggle <-- 기(heart: mind; spirit) + 쓰다(use)

- 기써서 일하다 : work with all one's might / work to the best of one's ability
- 기쓰고 달아나다 : run (away) for one's life / take to one's heels
- 저 회사는 새 시장을 개척하려고 기쓰고 있다 : That firm is very eager[is going all out] to open new markets
- 그들은 정보를 얻으려고 기쓰고 있다 : They are mad [frantic] for information. / They are bent [hellbent] on getting information
- 그녀는 기써서 그 소문을 부정했다 : She vehemently [heatedly / excitedly] denied the rumor
- 그는 기쓰고 공부했다 = 그는 기써서 공부했다 : He worked hard with great zeal[in real earnest]
- 그는 기써서 돈을 벌려고 했다 : He made desperate efforts[He struggled hard] to make money. / He was all for making money. / He was intent on money-making
- 꼭 이기겠다고 그는 기쓰고 있다 : He has got himself all worked up to win

Let's learn about "기"

1) 기 : [氣]

(1) [=기력·원기] vigor; energy; vitality; strength; force; spirits; stamina; pep

- 기가 나서 = 기가 등등하여 : exultantly / in triumph / triumphantly
- 기가 찬 사람 = 기가 왕성한 사람 : an energetic person / a man full of (push and) go
- 기가 나다 : cheer up / take heart / feel triumphant / swell up / be puffed
- 기가 부족하다 : be lacking[deficient] in energy / be in low[poor] spirits
- 기가 왕성하다 : be full of energy[vigor / vitality] / be in high spirits / be full of life

(2) [=전력] all one's energies[strength / might]; one's utmost[best]; all-out effort

- 기를 쓰다 = 기쓰다 : be very eager
- 기를 쓰고 반대하다 : oppose strongly[stoutly] / be (hell-)bent on opposing
- 기를 쓰고 변명하다 : try to apologize[explain oneself] with heat / speak (up) for one way or the other
- 기를 쓰고 달려들다 : tackle with all one's might
- 그녀는 기를 쓰고 배우가 되고 싶어한다 : She has ardent desire to go on the stage

(3) [=숨] breath; wind

- 기가 막히게 좋은 : awfully good
- 기가 막히다 : be stifled / <비유(metaphoric)> be dumbfounded / be tongue-tied / be at a loss for words / be taken aback
- 그가 대학 출신이라구, 아이 기가 막혀 : He is a university[college] man? Well, I am dashed

(4) [=정신력·용기] spirit(s); heart

- 기가 죽다 : feel small [mean] / have a feeling of inferiority / feel depressed[dispirited]
- 기를 꺾다 : depress < a person's> spirit / dishearten / discourage / damp the ardor
- 청중을 앞에 두고 나는 기가 죽었다 : In front of the audience I lost my nerve[got nervous / got stage fright]
- 그것을 보고 나는 기가 죽었다 : My heart sank at the sight
- 기가 질리다 : lose one's courage[heart]; have one's spirit broken
- 기(를) 펴다 : make oneself comfortable[at home]; put oneself at ease; cheer up; heighten one's spirit; relax
- 기(를) 펴지 못하다 : feel constrained[oppressed] / feel ill at ease / cower
- 그 소식을 듣고 나는 기(를) 폈다 : The news gave me relief. / I felt relieved to hear that. / I was relieved at the news

(5) [=정기(精氣)] ether; essence; spirit; natural passion; the life force; elan vital

6 [객기(客氣)] ill-advised vigor; blind valor; temper; temperament; spirit

- 기가 과하다 : be sharp-[violent-]tempered / be rough[wild]

2) [忌] [=상(喪)] (a period of) mourning; [=연기(年忌)] an anniversary of death

- 선친의 6주 기 : the sixth anniversary of one's father's death

3) 기 : [旗] a flag; a banner; [=군기] a standard; [=함선기] an ensign; [=연대기] the colors; [=긴 삼각기] a pennant; [=삼각기] a pennon; <집합적(colective)> bunting; [=국기(國旗)] a national flag

- 기를 앞세우고 : with banners flying / with flying colors
- 기를 흔들다 : wave a flag
- 기를 흔들어 (열차를) 세우다 : flag down / flag
- 기를 올리다 : hoist[display / raise / lift / fly out / set up] a flag
- 기를 내걸다 : hang out a flag
- 기를 내리다 : take down a flag / [=항복하다] throw up one's hands
- 기를 접다 : furl a flag
- 기를 펴다 : unfurl a flag
- 기가 바람에 펄럭이고 있다 : The flag is streaming[floating / waving / fluttering] in the wind
- 읍내에는 경축을 위한 기가 걸렸다 : The town was beflagged[gay with flags] in honor of the occasion
- 집집마다 현관에 기가 걸려 있었다 : There was a flag hung out at the front door of every house

4) 기 : [氣] a feeling ; a flavor; a touch; a shade; a tinge

- 바람기가 있는 남자 : a man with a roving eye
- 바람기가 있는 여자 : a fickle woman
- 기름기가 많은 음식 : greasy[rich] food
- 시장기를 느끼다 : feel hungry
- 익살기가 있다 : have a touch of humor / be tinged with humor
- 그는 감기기가 있어 누워 있다 : He is laid up with a touch of cold[with a slight cold]

5) 기 : [機] a machine

- 비행기 : an airplane
- 세탁기 : a washing machine

6) 기 : [紀] [=지질] a period

- 석탄기 : the Carboniferous period

7) 기 : [記] [=기록] a record; [=기술] an account; a description; [=역사] a chronicle; a history; [=연대기] annals

- 체험기 : memoirs

8) 기 : [期] [=시대] a period; an age; [=기일] a date; a time; [=기간] a period; a term; [=계절] a season; [=지불기의 하나] a quarter; [=회기] a session; a sitting; (병의) a stage

- 제1기의 폐병 : tuberculosis[consumption] in the first stage
- 이번기의 의회 : the present session of the National 

Let's learn about "기가 세다"

그녀는 기가 세요 : She has a strong character; She comes on strong; She’s strong-minded; She’s aggressive.

* 공격적인 / 적극적인 : aggressive

[other expressions]
- 그녀는 기가 세다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 기가 세네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 기가 세. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 기가 세군! (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 기가 세구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 기가 세네요. (honourific by '요')
- 그녀는 기가 세군요! (honourific by '요')
- 그녀는 기가 세요. (honourific by '요')
- 그녀는 기가 셉니다. (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ‘)

[explanations]
* 그 : that
* 녀 / 여 : woman
* 그녀 : she
* -는 : a particle makes 그녀 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 기 : [=정신력·용기] spirit(s); heart
* -가 : a particle makes 기 the topic of the sentence after a word ends in a vowel

* 세다 : (1) [=강하다] be strong (2) (머리카락이) turn white[gray];  gray (3) (숫자를) count (up)
- 그는 나이 오십에 머리가 세어 가고 있다 : He is 50 and graying
- 손꼽아 세다 : (1) count with one's fingers (2) [=몹시 기대하다] look forward to

* 세 : 세(the stem of 세다; 세 + -어 contracted into 세) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 셉니다 : 세(the stem of 세다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -아 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -아 / -군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

Let's learn about "실연"

1) 실연 : [實演] [=실연의•생생한•실황의•직접의] in-person

- 실연 = 실황 : in in-person performance
- 실황 중계 (방송) = 생중계 : a live broadcast

* 중계 : [中繼] (1) [=중간에서 이어줌]  (2) 
[방송] transmission: relay; broadcast; televise; telecast
- 중계 무역을 하다 : engage in entrepot trade
- 올림픽 개회식이 위성으로 생중계되었다 : The opening ceremony of the Olympic Games was relayed live by satellite

* 생생(한) : [生生(한)] vivid; lively; fresh; warm
- BTS가 공연하는 생생한 장면을 현장에서 봤어. 정말 꿈이 아니길 ... : I saw a vivid scene of BTS performing on the spot. I hope it's not a dream

* 생생하다 : be vivid; be lively; be fresh; be warm
- 너랑 같이 여의도 벚꽃 축제 간 시절이 생생한데.. 또 가고 싶다 : I vividly remember the days when I went to Yeouido Cherry Blossom Festival with you.. I want to go again.

* 실황(의) : [實況(의)] live
- 실황 녹음 : a live recording
- 실황 녹음 음반 : a recording of an actual performance

* 직접 : [直接] (1) directness (2) immediacy
* 직접의 = 직접적 = 직접적인 : (1) direct (2) immediately
* 직접적으로 : directly

* 간접 : [間接] indirectness
* 간접의 = 간접적 = 간접적인 : indirect
* 간접적으로 : indirectly

2) 실연 : [實演] [=실제로 해 보임•데모] demonstration; demonstrate

- 실연[데모]을 통해 사용 방법을 설명하다 : explain the usage through demonstration

3) 실연 : [=연애의 실패(the failure of a romantic relationship)] broken heart;

- 실연의 상처를 극복하다 : get over one's broken heart

2023-04-25

Let's learn about "깨다"

* 깨다 1

 (1) (잠·꿈에서) wake (up); awake from sleep[a dream]

- 잠이 깨다 : awake[be roused] from one's sleep / have one's sleep interrupted
- 자주 잠이 깨다 : be a light sleeper / have a broken sleep / awake often from one's sleep
- 잠이 덜 깨다 : be half awake[asleep] / be sleep-drunk
- 나는 심한 폭풍우 때문에 잠이 깼다 : I was awakened [aroused from my sleep] by a heavy storm
- 나는 여섯 시에 잠에서 깼다 : I woke (up) at six
- 잠이 깨어 정신이 맑아지도록 나는 커피를 마셨다 : I drank coffee to wake myself up
- 어느 날 아침 깨어 보니 나는 일약 유명해진 것을 알았다 : I awoke one morning to find myself famous

(2) (미혹·환상에서) awake ; be aroused; become sensible; come to one's senses; be disillusioned; have one's eyes opened

- 환상에서 깨다 : wake from one's reverie[the illusion]
- 악몽에서 깨다 : awake from[come out of] a bad[an evil] dream
- 그는 악에서 깨어났다 : He came to his senses and abandoned his evil ways
- 이로써 그의 생각이 깰 것이다 : This would bring him to his senses

(3) (술이) become[get] sober; sober off[up]; take off the effects of drink; recover from one's intoxication; [=술기운이 가시다] wear off

- 술이 깰 때까지 자라 : Sleep yourself sober. / Sleep and get sober
- 밤바람을 쫓더니 술이 깼다 : The night wind sobered me up
- 그는 서서히 술이 깼다 : He sobered up slowly. / The drunk inside him wore off gradually

(4) [=개화하다] be[become] civilized[enlightened / awakened]; know the (way of the) world; open one's eyes

- 깨지 못한 사람 : a person not used to the world's way / an unsociable person
- 그는 깬 사람이다 : He talks senses. / He is quite a man of the world. / He is a civilized man
- 그 여자는 깬 사람이다 : She is modern. / She is a sensible woman
- 신교육을 받아 많은 사람들이 깼다 : The people have been enlightened by new education.

* 깨다 2

(1) [=부수다] break (into pieces); crack ; crush; smash

- 접시를 깨다 : break[smash] a dish
- 얼음을 깨다 : break[crack] ice
- 머리를 깨다 : crack one's head
- 산산이 깨다 : break to pieces[bits] / crash to atoms / smash into fine pieces[into atoms]
- 산산히 깨지다 : passive form of 산산히 깨다 by '-지-'
- 호두는 잘 깨지지 않는다 : The nut is very hard to crack

(2) [=좌절시키다] frustrate ; [=파괴하다] break; destroy

- 평화를 깨다 : destroy the peace.
- 침묵을 깨다 : break one's[the] silence
- 기록을 깨다 : break[beat] the record
- 그 말을 듣고 나의 희망은 깨졌다 : What I heard that, my hopes were shattered[crushed]
- 쓸데없는 잡담이 그들의 우정을 깨고 말았다 : The gossip ruined their friendship

(3) [=취소하다] cancel; dissolve; [=어기다] break ; violate

- 혼담을 깨다 : break up a proposed marriage
- 계획을 깨다 : frustrate a plan
- 그들은 화해 교섭을 깼다 : They wrecked the peace negotiations

(4) [=감퇴시키다] diminish; reduce; [=망치다] spoil; mar

- 남의 흥을 깨다 : spoil[dampen / wet-blanket] a person's fun[pleasure / sport] / kill joy / cast a chill over
- 그의 발언이 대화를 깼다 : His remark spoiled the conversation
- 그의 말이 회의에 대한 우리의 흥미를 깼다 : His remarks dampened our enthusiasm for[interest in] the conference
- 그는 항상 남의 감흥을 깨기만 하는 사람이다 : He is a wet blanket

* 깨다 3 : [=알이 깜을 당하다] be hatched; hatch; [=알을 까게 하다] make hatch; cause to hatch

- 갓 깬 새 : nestling birds / a hatch
- 병아리가 깼다 : The brood are out[hatched]. / Some chicks are hatched

Let's learn abour "다혈질이다"

그 사람 다혈질이에요 : He’s hot-tempered: He has a hot temper: He’s got a short fuse.

그는 화를 참을 줄 모른다 : He doesn’t know how to control his temper

ex)

A. 어젯밤 그 사람 때문에 분위기가 확 깨졌어 : He really spoiled the evening last night

B. 그 사람 다혈질이잖아 : He has a hot temper

[other expressions]
- 그 사람 다혈질이다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그 사람 다혈질이네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그 사람 다혈질이야. (to younger people or friends)
- 그 분 다혈질이네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그 분 다혈질이에요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그 분 다혈질입니다. (formal; honourific by ‘ㅂ’)

[explanations]
* 그 : that
* 사람 : human being (non-honourific word)
* 분 : human being (honourific word)
* -은 : a particle makes 그 사람 / 그 분 subjective after a word ends in a consonant; this omitted

* 다혈질 : [多血質] [Pronunciation: 다혈찔] 쾌활하고 활동적이나, 성급하고 인내력이 부족한 기질(a cheerful, active, but impetuous and impatient disposition)

* 이다 : be

* 입니다 : 이(the stem of 이다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -(이)다 / -(이)네 / -(이)야 : a non-honourific descriptive form of 이다
* a verb + -(이)네 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -이에요 / -예요 / -입니다 : an honourific descriptive form of 이다 by ‘-요’ / ‘-ㅂ’

* 화 : [火] (1) [성] pent-up resentment; anger; ire; wrath (2) [=불] fire (3) [=화요일(火曜日)] Tuesday

* 화 : [禍] (serious) trouble; (an) evil; a curse; [=불행] (a) misfortune; [=재앙] (a) disaster; a calamity; woe

* -를 : a particle makes 화 objective after a word ends in a vowel

* 참다 : [Pronunciation: 참따] [=인내하다] be patient; have[take / keep / practice] patience; [=견디다] endure; put up with; bear; stand

* -을/를-ㄹ 줄 알다 : can do something
* -을/를-ㄹ 줄 모르다 : can't do something

* 알다 : know
* 안다 : present tense of 알다 by '-ㄴ'

* 모르다 : don't know
* 모른다 : present tense of 모르다 by '-ㄴ'

* 분위기 : [雰圍氣] [=대기] the atmosphere; the air; [=환경] an environment; [=느낌] an atmosphere; [=무드] a mood

* -가 : a particle makes 분위기 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 깨다 : [=감퇴시키다] diminish; reduce; [=망치다] spoil; mar

* 깨지다 : passive form of 깨다 by '-지-'
* 분위기가 깨지다 : spoil mood; spoil environment

* 깨졌다 : past tense of 깨지다 by '-였-'

* -잖아(요) : this expresses certainty or his insistence to carry one’s point or opinion

* About -잖아요 see this site : https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-84-91/lesson-90/

example) 

(1) -있잖아 / -있잖니 : guess what : I’ll tell you what

(2) 걔가 했다고 했잖아(요) or 그 애가 했다고 내가 분명히 말했다 : I’m sure he did. / I said to you that he did

(3) 내가 확실히 말했잖아요 or 내가 분명히 얘기 했잖아요 : I'm sure I told you

Let's learn about "덜렁대다"

그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁대요 : She’s not careful; She’s such a clumsy person; She’s careless by nature; She’s such a butterfingers.

ex)

A. 에리카가 또 커피를 쏟았다고? : Erica spilled coffee again?

B. 네, 정말 덜렁대요 : Yeah. She’s such a clumsy person

[other expressions]
- 그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁댄다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁대네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁대. (to younger people or friends)
- 그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁대네요. (honourific by '요')
- 그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁대요. (honourific by '요')
- 그녀는 (천성적으로) 덜렁댑니다. (formal; more honourific by '스‘)

[explanations]
* 그녀 : she <-- 그(that) + 녀/여(woman)
* -는 : a particle makes 그녀 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 서투른 / 부주의한 : clumsy
* 물건을 잘 떨어뜨리는 사람 : butterfingers

* 천성 : [天性] (one's) nature; (one's) natural constitution; one's innate disposition[character / temperament]
- 사람의 천성 : the nature of human beings
- 목소리가 나쁜 것은 천성이다 : I was born with a bad voice
- 그는 천성이 과묵하다 : He is naturally reticent. / He is reticent by nature
- 습관은 제2의 천성이라 말한다 : Habit is said to be second nature
- 낙천적인 것이 그의 천성이다 : His optimism is inborn. / He is optimistic by nature

* 천성의 = 천성적인 : natural / constitutional / born / inborn / inherent
- 그의 천성인 의협심에서 그는 그녀를 도왔다 : He helped the woman out of his natural[inborn / innate] sympathy for the weak and unfortunate

* 천성적으로 : by nature / by birth / naturally
- 그는 천성적으로 명랑하다 : He was born with a cheerful disposition

* 덜렁대다 = 덜렁거리다 : (1) (행동이) be restless; conduct[behave] oneself flippantly; [=신중하지 못하게 행동하다] act hastily [rashly / carelessly / frivolously]; be always on the go (2) (소리가) tinkle; clink; jingle; jingle-jangle (3) [= 공중에서 흔들리다] swing;  dangle
- 덜렁거리는 사람 : a flighty [hasty] person / a bustling fellow
- 덜렁거리면서 돌아다니다 : hustle[bustle] about / go around restlessly / can't sit still a minute
- 덜렁거리지 좀 마라 : Don't be so hasty. / Calm yourself. / Take it easy
- 덜렁 덜렁거리는 소리 내지 마라 : Don't make a rattling sound
- 너 바지에 덜렁거리는 그거 뭐야? : What's that fluttering thing on your pants?

* 덜렁댑니다 : 덜렁대(the stem of 덜렁대다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -아 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -아 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

2023-04-24

Let's learn about "미안, 까먹었네" and "말했잖아"

미안, 까먹었네  : Sorry, I forgot it

말했잖아 : I told you so!

ex)

A. 미안, 까먹었네 : Sorry, I forgot it

B. 몇 번이나 말했잖아. 잊어먹지 말라고.. : I've told you so many times. Don't forget

[other expressions]
- 미안, 까먹었다. (to younger people or friends)
- 미안, 까먹었네. (to younger people or friends)
- 미안, 까먹었어. (to younger people or friends)
- 미안, 까먹었군! (to younger people or friends)
- 미안, 까먹었구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 미안, 까먹었네요. (honourific by '요')
- 미안, 까먹었군요! (honourific by '요')
- 미안, 까먹었어요. (honourific by '요')
- 미안, 까먹었습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스‘)

[explanations]
* 내 : I (non-honourific word)
* 제 : I (honourific word)
* -가 : a particle makes 내 / 제 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 미안 : sorry

* 까먹다 : [=잊어먹다] forget

* 까먹었다 : past tense of 까먹다 by '-었-'
* 잊어먹었다 : past tense of 잊어먹다 by '-었-'

* 몇 번이나 : many times

* -잖아(요) : this expresses certainty or his insistence to carry one’s point or opinion

* About -잖아요 see this site : https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-84-91/lesson-90/

example) 

(1) -있잖아 / -있잖니 : guess what : I’ll tell you what

(2) 걔가 했다고 했잖아(요) or 그 애가 했다고 내가 분명히 말했다 : I’m sure he did. / I said to you that he did

(3) 내가 확실히 말했잖아요 or 내가 분명히 얘기 했잖아요 : I'm sure I told you

* 잊어먹지 말라고.. : 잊어먹다 + -지(a connection suffix makes a verb negative meaning before a verb means negative nuance) + 말다 + -라고 + (말)했다

* 까먹었습니다 : 까먹었(the stem of 까먹었다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -아 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -아 / -군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

Let’s learn about "어쩌고 저쩌고“

어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마 : Don’t say blah blah

ex)

A. 니가 간다고 했잖아! 근데, 지금 와서 그런 소리를 하먼 어쩌니? : You said you were going! But, what are you going to say now?

B. 내가 문자로 못 간다고 했는데, 그건 안 본 거니? 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지마. 난 못 가니까 : I texted you that I couldn't go, didn't you see that? Don't say blah blah. I can't go

[other expressions]
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마. (to younger people or friends)
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마라. (to younger people or friends)
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마요. (honourific by '요')
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 말아요. (honourific by '요')
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마세요. (more honourific by '시')
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마셔요. (more honourific by '시')
- 어쩌고 저쩌고 하지 마십시오. (formal; more honourific by '시')

[explanations]
* 어쩌고 저쩌고 : blah blah

* 하다 : (1) do (2) say in the sentence

* 하지 : 하(the stem of 하다) + -지(a connection suffix makes a verb negative meaning before a verb means negative nuance)

* 말다 : [irregular verb] (1) [=그만두다•중단하다] stop; cease (3) [=하지 않다•하지 않는게 좋다] don't; had better not

* 마: 말(the stem of 말다; ㄹ erased before 아; 마 and 아 contracted 마) + -아(a non-honourific imperative or propositive verb ending suffix means "DO ~ " or "please ~ ")
* 마라: 말(the stem of 말다; ㄹ erased before 아) + -아라(a non-honourific imperative or propositive verb ending suffix means "DO ~ " or "please ~ ")
* 마십시오 : 말(the stem of 말다; ㄹ erased before 시)  + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -시오(an honourific imperative or propositive verb ending suffix means "DO ~ " or "please ~ " by ‘시’)
* 마시겠어요 : 말(the stem of 말다; ㄹ erased before 시) + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -겠(a suffix asks a listener’s will) + -어요(an honourific imperative or propositive verb ending suffix means "DO ~ " or "please ~ " by ‘요’)

* a verb + -아 / -아라 : a non-honourific imperative or propositive verb ending suffix means "DO ~ " or "please ~ "
* a verb + -아 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -십시오 : an honourific imperative or propositive verb ending suffix means "DO ~ " or "please ~ " by ‘시’ / '-요'

* 그런 소리 하다 : say such a word

* 못 간다 : can't go

* 문자로 못 간다고 하다 : I text someone that I can't  go

* 그건 : a short form of 그것은
* 그건 : this used instead of 그걸
* 그걸 : a short form of 그것을

* 안 간다니까 : 안 간다 + -니까

* -니까 / -니까는 : A connective ending used to emphasize that the preceding statement is the cause, reason, or premise for the following statement; this might means "therefore you shouldn't say again"

2023-04-21

Let's learn about "좋아서 하거든"

좋아서 하거든 : I do because I like it

ex)

A. 이런 힘든 걸 왜 하니? = 이렇게 힘든 것을 왜 하니? : Why are you doing this kind of hard work?

B. 정원 가꾸는 걸 좋아서 하거든 = 정원 가꾸는 것을 좋아해서 하거든 : I do it because I like gardening

[other expressions]
- 좋아서 한다. (to younger people or friends)
- 좋아서 하네. (to younger people or friends)
- 좋아서 해. (to younger people or friends)
- 좋아서 하거든. (to younger people or friends)
- 좋아서 하네요. (honourific by '요')
- 좋아서 해요. (honourific by '요')
- 좋아서 하거든요. (honourific by '요')
- 좋아서 합니다. (formal; more honourific by '-ㅂ‘)

[explanations]
* 나 : I (non-honourific word)
* 저 : I (honourific word)
* -는 : a particle makes 나 / 저 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 난 : a short form of 나는; this omitted
* 전 : a short form of 저는; this omitted

* 좋은 : [Pronunciation: 조은] good
* 좋다 : [Ronunciation: 조타] be good

* 좋아하다 : [Pronunciation: 조아하다] like
* 좋아서 = 좋아해서 : 좋아하(the stem of 좋아하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -아서/-어서(because)

* 하다 : do
* 한다 : present tense of 하다 by '-ㄴ'
* 했다 : past tense of 하다 by '-었-'

* 하거던 : 하다 + -거든
* -거든 : a verb ending suffix means "don’t tell me any more"
- 벌써 밥 먹었거든(요) : I've already eaten. So don't tell me any more

* See about more detail explanation : <Question about "-거든요”>

* 했습니다 : 했(the stem of 했다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 해 : 하(the stem of 하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 합니다 : 하(the stem of 하다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

Let's learn about "정말 스트레스 받아"

정말 스트레스 받아 : I’m stressed out too much

ex)

A. 정말 스트레스 받아. (선생님이) 이 많은 숙제를 월요일까지 해오라고 하쟎아 : It's really stressful. My teacher told me to do this many homework by Monday

B. (선생님이) 너희들 공부 많이 해서 나중에 도움이 되라고 하는 거니까 너무 스트레스 받지 마 : The teacher is telling you to study a lot and be helpful later, so don't stress yourself too much

[other expressions]
- 정말 스트레스 받는다. (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 스트레스 받네. (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 스트레스 받아. (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 스트레스 받군! (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 스트레스 받구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 스트레스 받네요. (honourific by '요')
- 정말 스트레스 받군요! (honourific by '요')
- 정말 스트레스 받아요. (honourific by '요')
- 정말 스트레스 받습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스‘)

[explanations]
* 나 : I (non-honourific word)
* 저 : I (honourific word)
* -는 : a particle makes 나 / 저 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 난 : a short form of 나는
* 전 : a short form of 저는

* 정말 : really; so

* 스트레스 : stress
* -를 : a particle makes 스트레스 objective after a word ends in a vowel: this omitted

* 받다 : [Pronunciation: 바따] (1) receive (2) suffer

* 받습니다 : 받(the stem of 받다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -아 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -아 / -군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

* 해오다 : [= 어떤 일을 끝내고 나서 오다] come after finishing something <-- 하다(do) + -어(a connection suffix between two verbs; and then) + 오다(come)
* 해오라고 하다 : tell someone to do by some time

* -라고 (말)하다 / -다고 (말)하다 / -고 (말)하다 : tell someone to do

* 되라고 말하는 거니까 : 되다(become) + -라고 말하다 + -는 거니까(because ~)

* -잖아(요) : this expresses certainty or his insistence to carry one’s point or opinion

* About -잖아요 see this site : https://www.howtostudykorean.com/upper-intermediate-korean-grammar/unit-4-lessons-84-91/lesson-90/

example) 

(1) -있잖아 / -있잖니 : guess what : I’ll tell you what

(2) 걔가 했다고 했잖아(요) or 그 애가 했다고 내가 분명히 말했다 : I’m sure he did. / I said to you that he did

(3) 내가 확실히 말했잖아요 or 내가 분명히 얘기 했잖아요 : I'm sure I told you

2023-04-20

Let's learn about "참"

1) 참 (1) [=진실] truth; reality; verity; [=사실] fact (2)  [=정말로] really; truly; indeed; quite; very (3) <감탄사> well; oh; what; really; by the way

- …이 참임을 증명하다 : certify the truth of ‥
- 참 재미있었다 : I had such a good time, indeed
- 참 난처하게 되었다 : This is a nice kettle of fish. / It's really annoying. / What an awful mess!
- 참 좋은 집이구나 : What a fine house!
- 참 안 됐어 : What a pity!
- 오늘은 참 덥다 : How hot it is today!
- 그 여자 참 미인인데 : She is a real beauty
- 나는 참 운이 좋았다 : I had capital luck
- 참 아름답다 : It is really beautiful
- 참, 자네한테 물어 볼 말이 있네 : Well, now, I have something to ask you
- 참, 오늘이 월요일이지 : Oh, it's Monday, isn't it?
- 참 별사람 다 보겠네 : Really now, I have never seen such a dreadful person!
- 참 별소리 다 듣겠다 : Just what do you mean talking to me that way?
- 참 김씨를 알고 있나? : By the way, do you (happen to) know Mr. Kim?
- 이것 참 믿을수 없는 놈이네 : What a dishonest fellow!
- 벌써 우리가 만난 지 4년 이에요. 시간이 참 빠른 것 같아요.: It's already been 4 years since we met. How time flies. 
- 세상 참 좁네요! : Such a small world! 
- 걔는 참 친절하다 : She's a total sweetheart. 

2) 참 : [접두어(prefix)] true; real; veritable; genuine
- 참뜻 : the true meaning[sense]
- 참사람 : a true[an honest] man
- 참사랑 : [=진짜사랑] a true love

3) 참 : [站] (1) [=역참] a post; a station; a stage
(2) [=쉬는 곳] a stop; a resting place (3) [=휴식] a (short) rest ; a recess; a break; a respite ; a spell; [=쉬는 시간에 먹는 식사] a snack taken during a recess (4) [=계제] the occasion; [=찰나·순간] the instance; the moment; the time

- 층계참 : a halfpace / a (mean) landing / a footpace / a platform...
- …하려는 참에 : [=...하려는 순간에] just as[when] one is about to / the moment one is going to / on the point of
- 너를 부르러 사람을 보내려던 참 이었다 : I was just on the point of sending for you

Let's learn about "음식이 너무 많아요"

음식이 너무 많아요 : There's too much food; There's a lot of food

음식 양이 너무 많아요 : The food is a lot for me

음식이 참 많네요 = 음식을 참 많이 차리셨네요 : You prepared a lot of food

[other expressions]
- 음식이 너무 많다. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 너무 많네. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 너무 많아. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 너무 많군! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 너무 많구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 너무 많네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식이 너무 많아요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식이 너무 많군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 음식이 너무 많습니다.. (formal; more honourific by '스')

- 음식 양이 너무 많다. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식 양이 너무 많네. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식 양이 너무 많아. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식 양이 너무 많군! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식 양이 너무 많구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식 양이 너무 많네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식 양이 너무 많아요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식 양이 너무 많군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 음식 양이 너무 많습니다.. (formal; more honourific by '스')

- 음식이 참 많다. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 참 많네. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 참 많아. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 참 많군! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 참 많구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식이 참 많네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식이 참 많아요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식이 참 많군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 음식이 참 많습니다.. (formal; more honourific by '스')

- 음식을 참 많이 준비했다. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했네. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했어. (to younger people or friends)
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했군! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했어요. (honourific by '-요')
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 음식을 참 많이 준비했습니다.. (formal; more honourific by '스')

- 음식을 참 많이 준비하셨네요. (more honourific by '시')
- 음식을 참 많이 준비하셨어요. (more honourific by '시')
- 음식을 참 많이 준비하셨군요! (more honourific by '시')
- 음식을 참 많이 준비하셨습니다.. (formal; more honourific by '시' / '스')

[explanations]
* 음식 : food

* 음식 양 : a short form of 음식의 양
* -의 : a particle makes 음식 possesive
* 양 : quantity

* -이 : a particle makes 음식 / 음식 양 subjective after  a word ends in a consonant

* -을 : a particle makes 음식 objective after a word ends in a consonant

* 너무 : too much

* 참 : (1) <감탄사(exclamation)> well; oh; what; really; by the way (2) [=정말로] really; truly; indeed; quite; very

* 많은 : [Pronunciation: 마는] a lot; many; much; plenty; considerate
* 많이 : [Pronunciation: 마니] an adverb form of 많은
* 많다 : [Pronunciation: 만타] a verb form of 많은

* 준비 : [準備] preparation(s); preliminary arrangements; preparedness; readiness
* 준비하다 : a verb form of 준비 by '-하다'
* 준비하시다 : an honourific form of 준비하다 by '-시-'

* 준비했다 : past tense of 준비하다 by '-었-'
* 준비하셨다 : past tense of 준비하시다 by '-였-'

* 음식을 준비하다 : prepared food

* 많습니다 : 많(the stem of 많다) + 스(a suffix makes a verb honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 준비했습니다 : 준비했(the stem of 준비했다) + 스(a suffix makes a verb honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 준비하셨습니다 : 준비하셨(the stem of 준비하셨다) + 스(a suffix makes a verb honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -아 / -어: a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -아 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ‘

Let's learn about "자리"

자리 has the following meanings

(1) [=공간] room; space

- 자리를 차지하다 : take up[occupy] much room[space]
- 이 옷장은 자리를 너무 많이 차지한다 : This wardrobe takes up too much room[a lot of space]
- 이제는 텔레비전을 놓을 자리가 없다 : There's no room left for a TV set
- 접을 수 있는 침대는 자리를 별로 차지하지 않는다 : A folding bed takes[requires] little room[space]
- 모두가 앉을 자리는 없다 : There is not enough room for everyone to sit down
- 이 페이지에는 더 써 놓을 자리가 없다 : There is no more space to write in on this page
- 주차할 자리를 찾는 데 힘이 들었다 : We had a hard time finding a parking space[place]

(2) [=흔적] a mark; a print; a trace; [=상처의 흔적] a scar; [=건물 등의 흔적] an old[former] site; [유적의 흔적] ruins

- 총알이 박힌 자리 : a mark of a bullet
- 그녀의 등에는 수술한 자리가 남아 있다 : She has a scar from an operation on her back
- 이것이 옛날에 성이 있던 자리이다 : This is the old[former] site of the castle
- 그 마을에는 폭격을 당한 자리가 남아 있다 : There are bombsites in the village

(3) [=좌석] a seat; [=지정된 좌석] a place

- 빈 자리 : a vacant seat
- 자리에 앉다 : sit (down) / take[have] one's seat / seat oneself
- 자리에서 일어서다 : rise (up) from one's seat
- 남에게 자리를 양보하다 : give one's seat to a person
- 자리를 함께 하다 : sit (side by side) together
- 자리에 앉아 주십시오 : Please sit down. / Please take your seat. / Please be seated
- 그는 버스에서 그 노인에게 자리를 양보했다 : He gave his seat on the bus to the old man
- 그는 두 사람 몫의 자리를 차지하고 있다 : He occupies enough space for two (people)
- 네가 돌아올 때까지 자리를 잡아 두지 : I'll keep your seat (for you) until you come back
- 「자리를 잡을 수 있을까」「다음 기차를 기다리면 틀림없어」 : "Do you think we can get our seats?" "I'm sure we can if we wait for the next train."
- 「이 자리는 비어 있습니까」 「아니오, 사람이 있습니다」" : Is this seat[place] vacant[free / open]?" "No, it's taken[occupied]."
- 옆 자리에 앉은 사람이 담배를 권했다 : The man sitting next to me offered me a cigarette
- 그는 지금 자리에 없습니다 : He isn't at his desk right now
- 그 강당에는 자리가 1,000개 있다 : The auditorium seats a thousand person[has a thousand seats]
- 그는 자리를 박차고 나가 버렸다 : He flung out of the room
- 내 자리를 비워 두시오 : Please make room for me

(4) [직위·지위] a position; a post; a situation

- 빈 자리 : a vacancy / a vacant post
- 장관[각료] 자리 : a portfolio (of a Minister) / a ministerial post / a seat in the cabinet
- 높은 자리에 있는 사람 : a very important person / a VIP
- 권력의 자리에 오르다 : reach a position of authority; rise to power
- 그는 시장 자리를 노리고 있다 : He has an eye on the office of major
- 부사장 자리가 하나 비어 있다 : One post for a vice-president is vacant
- 그 학교에 선생 자리가 하나 났다 : There is an opening for a teacher at that school
- 나는 은행에 자리를 얻었다 : I found a position with a bank
- 자리가 나면 자네 문제를 고려해 보지 : You will be considered when there is a vacancy
- 그는 권력의 자리를 지키기 위해서는 무슨 일이나 한다 : He would try anything to keep himself[remain] in power

(5) [=특정한 기회] an occasion; an opportunity; [=특정한 장소] a spot; [=현장] the scene

- 사고[범죄]가 일어난 자리 : the scene of accident[crime]
- 그는 그 자리에 어울리는 말을 했다 : He said things suitable for the occasion
- 그녀는 그 자리에 어울리는 옷을 입고 있었다 : She was properly dressed for the occasion
- 그는 그 자리에서 사건을 해결했다 : He settled down the matter on the spot[at once]
- 이 자리를 빌려 한 말씀 드리겠습니다 : Let me take this opportunity to tell you a word. / On this occasion I will tell a word
- 왜 그 자리에서 항의하지 않았소 : Why didn't you protest then and there?
- 그의 약속은 그 자리에서만의 것들이니 신용할 수가 없다 : He makes promises just for the occasion, so he can't be trusted
- 이 옷은 어느 자리에서나 입을 수 있다 : This dress can be worn on all occasions
- 그의 연설은 그 자리에 있던 사람들에게 깊은 감명을 주었다 : His speech impressed those present

(6) [=위치] a position; a location; a situation

- 자리가 좋다[나쁘다] : be well[badly] situated
- 그 가게는 자리가 좋다 : The store is favorably located[situated]. / The store is located in an advantageous position
- 자리가 좋으면 장사가 잘된다 : The locality brings a great deal of business
- 나는 무대 전체가 잘 보이는 자리에 있었다 : I was in a good position to see the whole stage

- 자리를 뜨다 : leave one's seat
- 그는 급한 볼일이 있어 자리를 떴다 : He left (his seat) on urgent business

(7) [=숫자의 위치] a figure; (소수점 이하의) a place

- 2[3 / 4]자리의 숫자 : double[three / four] figures / a two-[three- / four-]digit number
- 소수점 이하 2자리까지 계산하다 : calculate it to two decimals[decimal places]
- 계산이 한 자리 틀렸다 : My calculation was one digit off. / I miscalculated by one digit
- 그 건물의 건축비는 10 자리 숫자에 이른다 : The construction cost of the building reaches ten figures

(8) [=별자리] constellation; group of stars

- 큰곰자리 : the Great Bear / the Big Dipper

(9) [=왕골 등으로 짠 깔개] a mat; <집합적> matting

- 돗 자리 : a rush mat
- 자리를 깔다 : spread a mat
- 자리를 깔고 눕다 : lie down on the mat

(10) [=이부자리] bedding; bedclothes

- 자리를 펴다 : put down bedding / spread[lay out] bedding
- 자리를 걷다 = 잠자리를 정리하다 : put away the bedding

(11) [=잠자리] a bed

- 자리를 보다 = 잠을 잘 준비를 하다 : make[prepare / lay] a bed
- 자리에 들다 : go to bed

Let's learn about "자리에 앉으시죠"

자리에 앉으시죠 / 자리에 앉으십시오 : Please have a seat

ex)

A. 모두 다 모인 거 같다 : I think everyone is here

B. 자 그럼. 모두 자리에 앉으시죠 : Please have a seat

[other expressions]
- 자리에 앉자. (to younger people or your friends)
- 자리에 앉게. (to younger people or your friends)
- 자리에 앉아. (to younger people or your friends)
- 자리에 앉아라. (to younger people or your friends)
- 자리에 앉자요. (honourific by '-요')
- 자리에 앉으세요. (more honourific by '-시')
- 자리에 앉으셔요. (more honourific by '-시')
- 자리에 앉으십시오. (more honourific by '-시')

[explanations]
* 자리 : [=좌석] a seat: a place
* -에 : a place suffix means "at/in/on"

* 앉다 : [Pronunciation: 안따] sit

* 앉자 : [Pronunciation: 안짜] 앉(the stem of 앉다) + -자(a non-honourific propositive or imperative verb ending suffix means "Let's ~")
* 앉게 : [Pronunciation: 안께] 앉(the stem of 앉다) + -게(the speaker’s wish; a non-honourific propositive or imperative verb ending suffix means "Let's ~")
* 앉아라 : [Pronunciation: 안자라] 앉(the stem of 앉다) + -어라(a non-honourific propositive or imperative verb ending suffix) 
* 앉으세요 : [Pronunciation: 안즈세요] 앉(the stem of 앉다) + -으시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -어(a propositive verb ending suffix) + -요(an honourific verb ending suffix)
* 앉으셔요 : [Pronunciation: 안즈셔요] 앉(the stem of 앉다) + -으시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -여(a propositive verb ending suffix) + -요(an honourific verb ending suffix)
* 앉으십시오 : [Pronunciation: 안즈십시오] 앉(the stem of 앉다) + -으시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ시오(an honourific propositive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -자 / -자라 / -게 / -아 / -아라 / -게 : a non-honourific propositive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -자 / -아 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -세요 / -셔요 / -십시오 : an honourific propositive verb ending suffix by '시' / '-요' / '-오'

2023-04-19

Let's learn about "민망해 / 부끄러워 / 창피해"

너무 민망해 / 너무 부끄러워 / 너무 창피해 : I’m so embarrassed; I’m so ashamed

[other expressions]
- 너무 민망하다. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 민망하네. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 민망해. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 민망하군! (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 민망하구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 민망하네요. (honourific by '요')
- 너무 민망하군요! (honourific by '요')
- 너무 민망해요. (honourific by '요')
- 너무 민망합니다. (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ‘)

- 너무 부끄럽다. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 부끄럽네. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 부끄러워. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 부끄럽군! (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 부끄럽구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 부끄럽네요. (honourific by '요')
- 너무 부끄럽군요! (honourific by '요')
- 너무 부끄러워요. (honourific by '요')
- 너무 부끄럽습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-‘)

- 너무 창피하다. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 창피하네. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 창피해. (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 창피하군! (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 창피하구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 너무 창피하네요. (honourific by '요')
- 너무 창피하군요! (honourific by '요')
- 너무 창피해요. (honourific by '요')
- 너무 창피합니다. (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ‘)

[explanations]
* 너무 : too much; so much

* 민망하다 : (1) [=측은하다] be pitiable; be pitiful; be piteous; be miserable; be sad; be sorry (2) [=열없다] be awkward; [=부끄럽다•창피하다] be embarrassed
* 민망한 : : (1) [=측은한] pitiable; pitiful; piteous; miserable; sad; sorry (2) [=열없는] awkward; [=부끄러운•창피한] embarrassed
* 민망하게 : an adverb form of 민망한 by '-게'
* 민망히 : an adverb form of 민망한 by '-히'
- 민망한 생각이 들다 : feel pity[compassion]
- 민망히 : (1) pitiably; pitifully; piteously; miserably; sorrily (2) awkwardly
- 나는 가진 돈이 적어 민망했다 : I felt awkward to find myself short of cash
- 거 참 민망하군요 : That's very embarrassing
- 방 안에 혼자 남게 되었을 때 내가 얼마나 민망했겠나 상상해 보시오 : Imagine my embarrassment upon being left alone in the room

* 민망해 : 민망하(the stem of 민망하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 민망합니다 : 민망하(the stem of 민망하다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 부끄럽다 : (1) [=창피하다] be ashamed; be shameful; be embarrassed (2) [=수줍다] be shy; be bashful
- 그녀는 나를 부끄럽게 여겼다 : She felt ashamed of me

cf)
(1) A man often say "부끄러워“ word
- 그는 부끄러워 그녀에게 한마디도 못했다 : He was too shy to say anything to her (

(2) A woman often say "수줍어” word

- 그녀는 수줍어 그에게 한마디도 못했다 : She was too shy to say anything to him

* 부끄러운 : embarrassed; shameful; shy

[ㅂ 불규칙 규칙(V irregular rule)]

(1) the ㅂ of 부끄럽다 is not 'B' sound but 'V' sound and V consists of ㅂ + 옛이응  ‘ㆁ’. these days  V sound changed into '우' for easy pronunciation
- See : https://m.blog.naver.com/nurisejong/221050681781

(2) 부끄러운: an adjective form of 부끄럽다; this is from 부끄러 + ㅂ(V sound consists of ㅂ + 옛이응  ‘ㆁ’; this changed into '우') + ㄴ(a suffix makes a verb into an adjective)

(3) 부끄러워 : 부끄럽(the stem of 부끄럽다; ㅂ(V sound) changed into 우) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 부끄럽습니다 : 부끄럽(the stem of 부끄럽다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 창피한 : [猖披한] shame; disgrace; ignominy; dishono(u)r 
* 창피 : [猖披] a noun form of 창피한
* 창피하다 : [猖披하다] a verb form of 창피한
* 창피함 : [猖披함] a noun form of 창피하다 by '-ㅁ'
* 창피하게 : [猖披하게] an adverb form of 창피하다 by '-게'

* 창피하다 : be shameful; be scandalous; be disreputable; be ignoble; be ignominious; be embarrassed[abashed]; be a shame; [=초라하다] be unsightly; be shabby; be miserable; be unpresentable

* 창피해 : 창피하(the stem of 창피하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 창피합니다 : 창피하(the stem of 창피하다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

Let's learn about "머리가 복잡해"

머리속이 복잡해 : I have a lot on my mind

ex)

A. 오늘 무지 머리가 복잡해 : I have a lot on my mind today

B. 뭔 일 있니? : Is something wrong?

A. 남친이 담 주 토요일날 자기 부모님에게 인사(하러) 가자는데... 난 솔직히 너무 떨려... : My boyfriend wants to say hello to his parents next Saturday... Honestly, I'm so nervous

[other expressions]
- 머리속이 복잡하다. (to younger people or friends)
- 머리속이 복잡하네. (to younger people or friends)
- 머리속이 복잡해. (to younger people or friends)
- 머리속이 복잡하군! (to younger people or friends)
- 머리속이 복잡하구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 머리속이 복잡하네요. (honourific by '요')
- 머리속이 복잡하군요! (honourific by '요')
- 머리속이 복잡해요. (honourific by '요')
- 머리속이 복잡합니다. (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ‘)

[explanations]
* 나 : I (non-honourific word)
* 저 : I (honourific word)
* -는 : a particle makes 나 / 저 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 난 : a short form of 나는
* 전 : a short form of 저는

* 내 = 나의 : my (non-honourific word)
* 제 = 저의 : my (honourific word)

* 머리 : (1) (목 위의 부분) head (2) [=두뇌] head, brain (3) [=마음•맘] mind (4) [=머리카락] hair
- 머리를 긁다 : scratch one's head
- 머리가 좋다 : be bright; be clever; be smart
- 마음이 안정이 안된다 : I can't calm down
- 머리가 빠지다 : lose one's hair

* 속 : in

* 머리속 : in one's head; on one's mind
* -이 : a particle makes 머리속 subjective after a word ends in a consonant

* 복잡 : [複雜] complexity; complication; intricacy; involvedness
* 복잡한 : complicated; complex; intricate
* 복잡하다 : be complicated; be complex; be intricate
* 복잡하게 : an adverb form of 복잡한

* 복잡해 : 복잡하(the stem of 복잡하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 복잡합니다 : 복잡하(the stem of 복잡하다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

* 남친 : a short form of 남자친구(boy friend)
* 여친 : a short form of 여자친구(girl friend)

* 자기 부모님 : his parent

* (너를) 부모님에게 인사(하러) 가다 = (너를) 부모님에게 소개시키려 가다 : to introduce you to your parents

* 가자는데 = 그는 가자고 말했다 : He said let's go
* -고 말했다 : He said that ~

Let's learn about "밥 한번 먹자"

밥 한번 먹자 : Let’s get together sometime / Let’s hang out sometime

* The above is a short form of 언제 시간이 되면 우리 밥 한번 먹자(If we have time, let's eat together sometime)

* In Korea, "Let's eat together sometime" often means "Let's get together sometime"

[other expressions]
- 밥 한번 먹자. (to younger people or friends)
- 밥 한번 먹어. (to younger people or friends)
- 밥 한번 먹지. (to younger people or friends)
- 밥 한번 먹어요. (honourific by ‘요’)
- 밥 한번 먹지요. (more honourific by ‘시’)
- 밥 한번 먹죠. (more honourific by ‘시’; -죠 is a short form of -지요)
- 밥 한번 먹읍시다. (formal; honourific by ‘-ㅂ’)

- 밥 한번 먹으시지요. (more honourific by ‘으시’)
- 밥 한번 먹으시죠. (more honourific by ‘으시’; -죠 is a short form of -지요) 
- 밥 한번 먹으십시다. (more honourific by ‘으시’)

<to the elderly like your uncle, parent, grandpa, grandma>
- 밥 한번 드시지요. (more honourific by ‘시’)
- 밥 한번 드시죠. (more honourific by ‘시’; -으시죠 is a short form of -으시지요)
- 밥 한번 드십시다. (formal; honourific by ‘-ㅂ’)

[explanations]
* 우리 : we (non-honourific word)
* 저희 : we (honourific word)

* 밥 : meal
* -을 : a particle makes 밥 objective after a word ends in a consonant

* 한번 : a time; one time; once
- 단 한번 : once (and) for all

* 먹다 : eat (non-honourific word)

* 들다 : eat (non-honourific word)
* 드시다 : an honourific form of 들다 to the elderly by '-시'

* 먹자 : 먹(the stem of  먹다) + -자(a non-honourific propositive verb ending suffix means "Let's ~")
* 먹어 : 먹(the stem of  먹다) + -어(a non-honourific propositive verb ending suffix means "Let's ~")
* 먹지요 : 먹(the stem of  먹다)  + -지(a propositive verb ending suffix means "Let's ~") + -요(an honourific verb ending suffix)
* 먹읍시다 : 먹(the stem of  먹다) + -읍시다(a propositive honourific verb ending suffix means "Let's ~")

* 드시지요 : 드시(the stem of  드시다) + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -지(a propositive verb ending suffix means "Let's ~") + -요(an honourific verb ending suffix)
* 드십시다 : 드시(the stem of  드시다) + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ시다(a propositive honourific verb ending suffix means "Let's ~")

* a verb + -자 / -어 / -지 : a non-honourific propositive verb ending suffix means "Let's ~"
* a verb + -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix)
* a verb + -ㅂ시다 / -시지요 / -시죠 / -으시지요 / -으시죠 / -읍시다 : an honourific propositive verb ending suffix means "Let's ~" by '-요' / '-ㅂ'

2023-04-18

Let's learn about "본인 장점[단점]은 뭐죠?"

본인 장점은 뭐죠? : What are your merits?; Tell me about your strong points; What are your strengths?; What is your best trait?; What about yourself are you most confident?

본인 단점은 뭐예요? : What are your weaknesses?; Can you tell me about your weak points?; Do you have any weaknesses?; What are you least confident about?

단점을 들어 보세요 : Name some of your bad qualities

ex of 장점)

A. 본인 장점은 무엇입니까? : What are your merits?

B. 저는 뭐든지 빨리 배웁니다 : I’m a fast learner.

ex of 단점)

A. 당신의 약점은 뭐가 있습니까? : What are your weaknesses?

B. 저는 너무 내성적이에요 : I’m too shy

[other expressions]

- 본인 장점은 뭐니? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 뭐냐? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 뭐야? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 뭔가? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 뭐지? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 뭔가요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 뭐지요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 뭐죠? (honourific by '-요'; -죠? is a short form of -지요?)
- 본인 장점은 뭔지요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 뭐예요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 뭐입니까? (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ')
- 본인 장점은 뭡니까? (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ'; -뭡니까 is a short form of 뭐입니까?)

- 본인 장점은 무엇이니? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 무엇이냐? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 무엇이야? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 무엇인가? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 무엇이지? (to the younger or friends)
- 본인 장점은 무엇인가요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 무엇이지요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 무엇이죠? (honourific by '-요'; -죠? is a short form of -지요?)
- 본인 장점은 무엇인지요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 무엇이에요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 장점은 무엇입니까? (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ')

[explanations]
* 본인 : [=本人] (1) [=자기 자신] oneself (2) [=사람 자신] the person himself[herself] (3) [=(문제의) 당사자] the said person; the person in question; this can be replaced by the followings (너 / 언니 and so on)

* 너 : you (non-honourific word)
* 언니 : a woman is a little older than you
* -의 : a particle makes 너 / 언니 possesive; this omitted
* 너의 : your
* 언니의 : sister's

* 장점 : [長點] [=강점] a strong[good] point; a merit; [=이점] an advantage
* 단점 : [短點] [=결점] shortcoming; a fault; a defect; [=약점] a weak point
- 장점과 단점 : merits and demerits

* 특성 / 특징 : trait

* -은 : a particle makes 장점 / 단점 subjective after a word ends in a consonant; this can replaced by '-이'

* 뭐 : a short form of 무엇(what)

* 이다 : be

* a noun + -(이)니? / -(이)냐? / -(이)야? / -인가? / -ㄴ가? / 인지? / -ㄴ지? / -(이)지? : a questioning form of 이다
* a noun + -인가? / -ㄴ가? / -인지? / -ㄴ지? / -(이)지? + -요 : an honourific ending suffix
* a noun + -예요? / -이에요? / -입니까? : an honourific questioning form of 이다 by '-요' / ‘-ㅂ'

* 배우다 : learn
* 배웁니다 : 배우(the stem of 배우다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '-ㅂ')

2023-04-17

Let's learn about "저는 매사에 낙천적이에요"

저는 매사에 낙천적이에요 : I’m too optimistic; I’m such an optimist; I’m very easygoing; I’m too positive.

ex)

A. 비관론자 쪽이신가요? : Are you a pessimist?

B. 아뇨, 전혀 아니에요. 오히려 너무 낙천적이죠 : No, not at all. I’m too optimistic.

[other expressions]
- 나는 매사에 낙천적이다. (to younger people or friends)
- 나는 매사에 낙천적이네. (to younger people or friends)
- 나는 매사에 낙천적이야. (to younger people or friends)
- 저는 매사에 낙천적이네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 저는 매사에 낙천적이에요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 저는 매사에 낙천적입니다. (formal; honourific by ‘ㅂ’)

[explanations]
* 나 : I (non-honourific word)
* 저 : I (honourific word)
* -는 : a particle makes 나 / 저 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 매사 : [每事] [=일] each[every] affair[matter]; [=사업] every business[undertaking]; [=계획·시도] each step[attempt / plan]; [=상황] every circumstance
- 매사에 불여(不如) 튼튼이라 : Success in every business comes from constant preparedness
- 그는 매사에 관대하다 : He is generous in everything
- 그녀는 매사에 있어서 내게 반대한다 : She opposes[goes against] everything I say and do
- 그는 매사에 실패했다 : He failed in everything. / Everything he put his hand to proved a failure.
- 계모[시어머니]는 매사에 내게 심하게 대했다 : My stepmother[mother-in-law] was hard on me in every way

* -에 : a place suffix means "on"

* 비관적인 : pessimistic
* 비관적이다 : be pessimistic
* 비관론자 : pessimist

* 무난한 / 태평스러운 : easygoing
* 무난하다 / 태평스럽다 : be easygoing

* 낙천적인 : optimistic
* 낙천적이다 : be optimistic

* 입니다 : 이(the stem of 이다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -(이)다 / -(이)네 / -(이)야 : a non-honourific descriptive form of 이다
* a verb + -(이)네 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -이에요 / -예요 / -입니다 : an honourific descriptive form of 이다 by ‘-요’ / ‘-ㅂ’

Let's learn about "밝고 명랑하다고 해요"

(친구들한테) 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 들어요 = (친구들이) 밝고 명랑하다고 해요 : My friends say that I’m always happy; I’m told that I’m always bright; My friends tell me that I’m a cheerful person; My friends tell me I have a vibrant personality.

ex)
A. 친구들은 제가 항상 밝다고 해요 : My friends say that I’m always happy.

B. 좋네요. 우린 바로 그런 사람을 원해요 : Great. Happy people are what we are looking for.

[other expressions]
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)한다. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)하네. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)해. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)하더라. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)하더군! (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)하더구나! (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)해요. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)하네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)하더군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 밝고 명랑하다고 (말)합니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-')

- 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 듣는다. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 듣네. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 들어. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 들어요. (to the younger people or friends)
- 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 듣네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 밝고 명랑하다는 소리 많이 듣습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-')

[explanations]
* 친구 : friend
* 친구들 : plural form of 친구
* 친구들한테 ... 라고 듣는다 = 친구들이 ... 라고 (말)한다 : friends say that ~

+ 내 : I (non-honourific word)
* 제 : I (honourific word)
* -가 : a particle makes 내 / 제 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* (성격이) 밝은 : [Pronunciation: 발근] bright
* 쾌활한 / 명랑한 : cheerful
* 활기에 넘치는 / 활발한 : vibrant; zippy: zappy

* (성격이) 밝다 : [Pronunciation: 박따] be bright
* 쾌활하다 / 명랑하다 : be cheerful
* 활기에 넘치다 / 활발하다 : be vibrant; be zippy: be zappy

* (말)하다 : say
* (말)한다 : preeent tense of (말)하다

* 듣다 : [Pronunciation: 듣따] [ㄹ 불규칙] hear; listen to
* 듣는다 : present tense of 듣다

* 소리 : (1) sound (2) [=말) word

* 소리를 듣다 : be heard of ~

* -라고 (말)하다 / -다고 (말)하다 / -고 (말)하다 / -라고 (소리/소리를) 듣다 / -다고 (소리/소리를) 듣다 / -고 (소리/소리를) 듣다 : People say that ~

* -라고 많이 말하다 / -다고 많이 말하다 / -고 많이 말하다 / -라고 많이 듣다 / -다고 많이 듣다 / -고 많이 듣다 : Most people say that ~

* -더라 / -더군! / -더구나! : Someone said that ~

* (말)해 : (말)하(the stem of (말)하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* (말)합니다 : (말)하(the stem of (말)하다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 들어 : 듣(the stem of 듣다; ㄷ changed into ㄹ before 어) + + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 듣습니다 : 듣(the stem of 듣다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -더라 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! / -더군! / -더구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -군! / -더군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

Let's learn about "내성적이라고 말하더군요"

제가 내성적이라고 많이 말하더군요 : Most people say that I’m a shy person; They say I’m an introvert; Most people would describe me to be a timid person.

ex)

A. 본인 성격이 어떻다고 생각해요? : What kind of person do you think are you?

B. 내성적이라는 말을 많이 들어요 : They say I’m an introvert

[other expressions]
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 말한다. (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 말하네. (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 말해. (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 말하더라. (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 말하더군! (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 말하더구나! (to the younger people or friends)
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 말해요. (to the younger people or friends)
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 말하네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 말하더군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 말합니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-')

- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 듣는다. (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 듣네. (to the younger people or friends)
- 내가 내성적이라고 많이 들어. (to the younger people or friends)
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 들어요. (to the younger people or friends)
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 듣네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 제가 내성적이라고 많이 듣습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-')

[explanations]
+ 내 : I (non-honourific word)
* 제 : I (honourific word)
* -가 : a particle makes 내 / 제 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 내성적인 : introvert
* 소심한 : timid

* 내성적이다 : be introvert
* 소심하다 : be timid

* 말하다 : say
* 말한다 : preeent tense of 말하다

* 듣다 : [Pronunciation: 듣따] [ㄹ 불규칙] hear; listen to
* 듣는다 : present tense of 듣다

* -라고 말하다 / -다고 말하다 / -고 말하다 / -라고 듣다 / -다고 듣다 / -고 듣다 : People say that ~

* -라고 많이 말하다 / -다고 많이 말하다 / -고 많이 말하다 / -라고 많이 듣다 / -다고 많이 듣다 / -고 많이 듣다 : Most people say that ~

* -더라 / -더군! / -더구나! : Someone said that ~

* 말해 : 말하(the stem of 말하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 말합니다 : 말하(the stem of 말하다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* 들어 : 듣(the stem of 듣다; ㄷ changed into ㄹ before 어) + + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 듣습니다 : 듣(the stem of 듣다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 / -더라 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -군! / -구나! / -더군! / -더구나! : a non-honourific exclamatory verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 / -군! / -더군! + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

Let's learn about "정말 다정한 사람이군요"

정말 다정한 사람이군요 : You’re a friendly person; You’re a warm-hearted person; You’re a nice person.

ex)

A. 언니는 정말 다정하네요 : You are a warm-hearted person.

B. 정말요? 대부분 제가 차가운 줄 아는데 : Really? Most people think I’m cold

[other expressions]
- 정말 다정한 사람이다. (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 다정한 사람이네. (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 다정한 사람이야. (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 다정한 사람이군! (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 다정한 사람이구나! (to younger people or friends)
- 정말 다정한 사람이네요. (honourific by '요')
- 정말 다정한 사람이군요! (honourific by '요')
- 정말 다정한 사람이에요. (honourific by '요')
- 정말 다정한 사람입니다. (formal; honourific by '-ㅂ‘)

[explanations]
* 너 : you (non-honourific word)
* 언니 : a woman is elder than a woman
* -는 : a particle makes 너 / 언니 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 정말 : really

* 다정 : [多情] (1) [=감정이 풍부함] tenderness; humaneness; kind-[warm- / tender-]heartedness (2) [=사귄 정이 두터움] (intimate) friendship; intimacy
- 다정한 : affectionate; tender; kind[warm- / tender-]hearted; emotional; passionate
- 다정하다 : be affectionate; be tender; be kind [warm- / tender-]hearted; be emotional; be passionate
- 다정하게 손을 잡다 : affectionately press hand
- 여자는 남자보다 다정하다 : Women have warmer affection than men
- 그는 다정한 사람이다 : He is an emotional man
- 다정한 : intimate; familiar; close; friendly; chummy
- 다정하다 : be intimate; be familiar; be close; be friendly; be chummy
- 다정한 친구 : an intimate friend / a good [close / great / fast] friend / a familiar / a chum
- 다정한 사이다 = 다정하게 지내다 :be on good[intimate / friendly] terms / have a close[friendly] relation / be intimate[friends] / be thick with
- …과 다정한 사이가 되다 : become intimate[familiar] / get in with / make friends with / get thick with / come into close association with
- 두 사람은 아주 다정한 사이다 : They are hand and[in] glove with each other. 

* 사람 : human being (non-honourific word)
* 분 : human being (honourific word)

* 이다 : be

* 입니다 : 이(the stem of 이다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -(이)다 / -(이)네 / -(이)야 : a non-honourific descriptive form of 이다
* a verb + -(이)네 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -이에요 / -예요 / -입니다 : an honourific descriptive form of 이다 by ‘-요’ / ‘-ㅂ’

2023-04-16

Let's learn about "사교적이지 못해요"

저는 그렇게 사교적이지 못해요 : I’m not that sociable; I’m not an outgoing person; I’m not very good with people; I’m no social butterfly.

ex)

A. 파티에 가서 친구도 좀 사귀고 하지 그래? : Why don’t you go make some friends at the party?

B. 아니, 난 그렇게 사교적이지 못해 : No, I’m not an outgoing person.

[other expressions]
- 난 그렇게 사교적이지 못하다. (to younger people or friends)
- 난 그렇게 사교적이지 못하네. (to younger people or friends)
- 난 그렇게 사교적이지 못해. (to younger people or friends)
- 전 그렇게 사교적이지 못하네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 전 그렇게 사교적이지 못해요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 전 그렇게 사교적이지 못합니다. (formal; honourific by ‘ㅂ’)

[explanations]
* 나 : I (non-honourific word)
* 저 : I (honourific word)
* -는 : a particle makes 나 / 저 subjective after  a word ends in a consonant

* 난 : a short form of 나는
* 전 : a short form of 저는

* 그렇게 : like that; so

* 외향적인 / 사교적인 : outgoing
* 사교 활동을 좋아하는 사람 : social butterfly

* 외향적이다 / 사교적이다 : be outgoing

* 사교적이지 : 사교적이(the stem of 사교적이다) + -지(a connection suffix makes a verb negative meaning before a verb means negative nuance)

* 못하다 : [=할 수 없다] cannot ; be unable ; be incapable ; [=…할 여유가 없다] cannot afford

* 못해 : 못하(the stem of 못하다; 하 + -어 contracted into 해) + -어(a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)
* 못하겠습니다 : 못하겠(the stem of 못하겠다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '-ㅂ')

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ’

* 사귀다 : (1) [=친하게 되다] make friends ; become[get] acquainted ; strike up a friendship[an acquaintance] (2) [=교제하다] keep company with; associate with; hold intercourse with

사귄다는게 : this is from “사귄다는 것이”, it means that that some woman is going out/around/about with some man <— 사귀다 + ㄴ다(a suffix makes some action already done and keep doing the action) + 게(<— 것(thing) + 이(a suffix makes a word subjective))

* 사귀고 하다 : go out with someone

* 사귀고 하지 그래? : Why don't you go out with him?

* -지 그래? / 그러니? / 그래요? / 그러지요? : Why don't you do ~ ?

Let's learn about "그는 너무 보수적이에요"

그는 너무 보수적이에요 : He’s such a conservative person: He’s too conservative; He’s too traditional: He’s too old-fashioned.

ex)

A. 데이트 어땠어? 어떤 사람이야? : So how was the date? What’s he like?

B. 너무 보수적이라서 내 스타일이 아니야 : He’s too conservative which is not my type.

[other expressions]
- 그는 너무 보수적이다. (to younger people or friends)
- 그는 너무 보수적이네. (to younger people or friends)
- 그는 너무 보수적이야. (to younger people or friends)
- 그는 너무 보수적이네요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그는 너무 보수적이에요. (honourific by ‘-요’)
- 그는 너무 보수적입니다. (formal; honourific by ‘ㅂ’)

[explanations]
* 그 : he
* -는 : a particle makes 그 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 보수적인 : conservative
* 보수적이다 : be conservative

* 입니다 : 이(the stem of 이다) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -(이)다 / -(이)네 / -(이)야 : a non-honourific descriptive form of 이다
* a verb + -(이)네 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb + -이에요 / -예요 / -입니다 : an honourific descriptive form of 이다 by ‘-요’ / ‘-ㅂ’

Let's learn about "본인 성격이 어때요?">

본인 성격이 어때요? = 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각해요? : What are you like?; What’s your personality like?; What kind of person are you?; What kind of personality do you think you have?

[other expressions]
- 본인 성격이 어떠니? (to the younger people or friendly)
- 본인 성격이 어떠냐? (to the younger people or friendly)
- 본인 성격이 어때? (to the younger people or friendly)
- 본인 성격이 어떤가? (to the younger people or friendly)
- 본인 성격이 어때요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격이 어떤가요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격이 어떠세요? (more honourific by '시-')
- 본인 성격이 어떠셔요? (more honourific by '시-')
- 본인 성격이 어떠십니까? (more honourific by '시-')

- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하니? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하나? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하냐? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하지? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하는가? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하는지? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각해? (to younger people or friends)
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하나요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하는가요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하는지요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각해요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하지요? (honourific by '-요')
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각하죠? (honourific by '-요'; -죠? is a short form of -지요?")
- 본인 성격은 어떻다고 생각합니까? (formal; honourfic by '-ㅂ')

[explanations]
* 본인 : [=本人] (1) [=자기 자신] oneself (2) [=사람 자신] the person himself[herself] (3) [=(문제의) 당사자] the said person; the person in question; this can be replaced by the followings (너 / 언니 and so on)

* 너 : you (non-honourific word)
* 언니 : a woman is a little older than you
* -의 : a particle makes 너 / 언니 possesive; this omitted
* 너의 : your
* 언니의 : sister's

* 성격 : (1) (사람의) character, personality, nature (=성품) (2) (사물의 고유 성질) nature, character
- 성격이 좋다 : have a good character[personality]
- 이 두 가지 일은 성격이 다르다 : These two jobs are different in nature
* -이 : a particle makes 성격 subjective after a word ends in a consonant; this can replaced by '-은'

* 어떻다 : a short form of 어떠하다(be how)

* 어때? : 어떻(the stem of 어떻다; ㅎ erased before 어) + -어?(a non-honourific interrogative  verb ending suffix)
* 어떠세요? : 어떻(the stem of 어떻다; ㅎ erased before 어) + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -어?(an interrogative  verb ending suffix) + -요(an honourific ending suffix)
* 어떠셔요? : 어떻(the stem of 어떻다; ㅎ erased before 어) + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -여?(an interrogative  verb ending suffix) + -요(an honourific ending suffix)
* 어떠십니까? : 어떻(the stem of 어떻다; ㅎ erased before 어) + -시(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니까?(an honourific  interrogative  verb ending suffix) 

* a verb + -니? / -나? / -냐? / -어? / -지? / -는지? / -는가? / -ㄴ가? : a non-honourific interrogative  verb ending suffix
* a verb + -나? / -어? / -지? / -는지? / -는가? / -ㄴ가? +  -요 : an honourific ending suffix
* a verb + -세요? / -셔요? / -십니까? / -ㅂ니까? / -시는가요? / -시는지요? : an honourific  interrogative  verb ending suffix by ‘시-‘ / ‘-ㅂ’ / ‘-요’

* 어떻다고 : 어떻다(be how) + -고

* -고 생각해? : Do you think that ~

* 생각 : thought
* 생각하다 : think

* 생각해? : 생각하다 + -어?
* 생각하죠? : a short form of 생각하지요?
* 생각합니까? : 생각하다 + -ㅂ니까?

* a verb + -니? / -나? / -냐? / -어? / -지? / -는가? / -는지? / -ㄴ가? / -까? : a questioning verb ending suffix
* a verb + -나? / -어? / -지? / -는가? / -는지? / -ㄴ가? + -요 : a questioning verb ending suffix has an honourific by ‘-요’
* a verb + -ㅂ니까? : a questioning verb ending suffix has an honourific by ‘-ㅂ’

2023-04-13

Let's learn about "너 바지에 흙이 묻었다"

너 바지에 흙이 묻었다 : You’ve got dirt on your pants; Your trousers are covered with mud; Your pants are dirty with mud.

ex)

A. 아래를 봐, 너 바지에 흙 묻었어 : Look down! You’ve got dirt on your pants.

B. 이런. 오늘 아침에 계단에서 넘어지는 바람에 묻은 것 같아 : Gosh, I think I got it when I fell down the steps this morning

[other expressions]
- 너 바지에 흙이 묻었다. (to the younger people or friends)
- 너 바지에 흙이 묻었네. (to the younger people or friends)
- 너 바지에 흙이 묻었군! (to the younger people or friends)
- 너 바지에 흙이 묻었구나! (to the younger people or friends)
- 언니 바지에 흙이 묻었어. (to the younger people or friends)
- 언니 바지에 흙이 묻었네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 언니 바지에 흙이 묻었군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 언니 바지에 흙이 묻었어요. (honourific by '-요')
- 언니 바지에 흙이 묻었습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-')

[explanations]
* 너 / 니 : you (non-honourific word)
* 언니 : a woman is elder than a woman (honourific word)
* 당신 : you (a word is used between a husband and a wife (honourific word)
* -의 : a suffix makes 너 / 니 / 언니 possesive

* 바지 : trousers
* -에 : a place suffix means "on"

* 흙 : [Pronunciation: 흑] [=토양] earth; soil; [=진흙] mud; [=찰흙] clay; [=지면] the ground
- 흙으로 만든 : earthen / clay
- 내 눈에 흙이 들어가기 전에는 : so long as I live[am alive]
- 흙을 파다 : dig up earth / till the soil / do farming
- 흙을 덮다 = 흙으로 덮다 : heap up earth / cover with earth / earth up / mould up
- 흙으로 돌아가다 : return[fall back] to dust / turn to clay / die
- 이국땅의 흙이 되다 : die in a strange[foreign] land
- …의 흙을 밟다 : set[plant] foot on soil / tread soil
- 사람은 한줌의 흙에 지나지 않는다 : Man is but a lump of clay
- 흙으로 돌아가다 : [=죽다•사망하다] die; pass away
- 흙으로 돌아가라 : Back to the land!

* -이 : a particle makes 흙 subjective after a word ends in a consonant

* 묻다 : [Pronunciation: 묻따] (1) [=파묻다] bury, put in the ground and cover with dirt (2) [=질문하다] question, ask; [=조사하다] enquire

* 묻었다 : past tense of 묻다 by ‘-었-‘

* 묻었습니다 : 묻었(the stem of 묻었다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

* ~으로 덮여 있다 : be covered with

* 바람에 : [원인•근거] because; because of

Let's learn about "너 바지 지퍼가 열렸어"

너 바지 지퍼가 열렸어 : Your zipper is undone; Oh no! Your fly’s open; Your zipper’s open.

ex)

A. 이런, 너 바지 지퍼 열렸다 : Hey, your zipper is undone.

B. 쉿! 다른 사람들 다 듣겠다 : Shhh... Don’t let the whole world know.

[other expressions]
- 너 바지 지퍼가 열렸다. (to the younger people or friends)
- 너 바지 지퍼가 열렸네. (to the younger people or friends)
- 너 바지 지퍼가 열렸군! (to the younger people or friends)
- 너 바지 지퍼가 열렸구나! (to the younger people or friends)
- 언니 바지 지퍼가 열렸어. (to the younger people or friends)
- 언니 바지 지퍼가 열렸네요. (honourific by '-요')
- 언니 바지 지퍼가 열렸군요! (honourific by '-요')
- 언니 바지 지퍼가 열렸어요. (honourific by '-요')
- 언니 바지 지퍼가 열렸습니다. (formal; more honourific by '스-')

[explanations]
* 너 / 니 : you (non-honourific word)
* 언니 : a woman is elder than a woman (honourific word)
* 당신 : you (a word is used between a husband and a wife (honourific word)
* -의 : a suffix makes 너 / 니 / 언니 possesive

* 바지 : trousers
* -의 : a suffix makes 바지 possesive; this omitted

* 지퍼 : zipper

* 지퍼 덮개 : fly

* -가 : a particle makes 바지 지퍼 subjective after a word ends in a vowel

* 열다 : open
* 열리다 : passive form of 열다 by '-리-'
* 열렸다 : past tense of 열리다 by ‘-였-‘

* 열렸습니다 : 열렸(the stem of 열렸다) + -스(a suffix makes a verb more honourific) + -ㅂ니다(an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix)

* a verb + -다 / -네 / -어 : a non-honourific descriptive verb ending suffix
* a verb + -네 / -어 + -요 : an honourific verb ending suffix
* a verb +  -습니다 / -ㅂ니다 : an honourific descriptive verb ending suffix by '스-' / '-ㅂ'

* ~으로 덮여 있다 : be covered with